Last week, we discussed how external factors like fatigue, frustration and pressure can break down safety training and habits and cause us to engage in risky behaviors. What's needed, we concluded, is a triggering mechanism that causes us to recognize that we're losing our self-control and pull back before we get hurt. This capacity is what I call advanced safety awareness. Let's now look at how to cultivate this awareness in ourselves and others and how to practice other techniques to guard against making the kinds of errors that lead to injury.

Fundamental Causes of Accidents

When reduced to the base elements, accidents are caused by four primary factors:

1. Not Watching What We're Doing

Most of us have had our fingers pinched in a car door at one time or another. Now if we had had our eyes on what we were doing our reactions would have taken over and we would have jerked our hand out of the way - no injury just a close call. Not watching what we're doing took away our ability to react.

2. Not Concentrating on What We're Doing

Not all hazards are visible. Some hazards must be thought about and prepared for. We need to know they?re lurking even if we can't immediately detect them with our eyes. Examples: A hot stove, ice on the highway and electricity. We need to be concentrating on the task we're performing to activate our capacity to recognize and avoid such hazards.

3. Being in or Moving Into The "Line of Fire"

Failure to recognize that we're in the line of fire is another primal accident cause. It's often the result of not keeping our eyes and mind on the task at hand.

4. Loss of Balance, Traction or Grip

This type of error is also apt to occur when our eyes or minds are not on task.

How Errors Happen

Mistakes are, by definition, not deliberate. So telling somebody to watch what they're doing may be a nice gesture, but it's worthless in preventing injuries. My wife would always tell my daughter to "drive safe" before leaving home and making the 10-hour drive back to college. Do you think she was planning on driving unsafe and would have if mom had not reminded her to "drive safe?"

So why do we make errors? As discussed last week, it's generally the result of external factors like rushing, frustration, fatigue or complacency. Telling somebody to "be careful" doesn't counteract these factors. But there is something that does!

4 Error Reduction Techniques

The antidote to risk factors is the teaching of a set of skills or critical error reduction techniques. There are four critical error techniques that, when practiced, definitely limit errors and the injuries they cause:

1. Self-Triggering on the State Before Errors Get Made

The first skill is the ability to recognize that we've passed into a state that causes risky behavior before something bad happens to us. Some people already do this type of thing. They're working on a project and nothing seems to be going right. Say a bolt is real tight and they can't seem to get it loose no mater what they do. They start jerking in the wrench a little harder but before the wrench slips and they fall or hurt their shoulder they realize that they're getting frustrated and are likely to get injured if they keep it up. In other words, they trigger on frustration. They put the wrench down and go get a cup of coffee. When they return they're calmer and can thus take a reasoned approach to solve the problem like getting the right tool.

2. Learning from Close Calls & Small Errors to Prevent Big Ones

Learning from our OOPS! Even though we may be working on triggering on the state, we'll still make some errors along the way. Often when we make an error or have a close call, we just hope no one saw us make the error. The last thing we think about is learning from it. This is an opportunity to look at the state to error pattern we were in at the time to prevent making a bigger error in the future.

3. Observing Others for the State to Error Pattern

This technique has three beneficial effects that prevent accidents:

4. Working on our Habits

While there are a number of habits we could work on to improve our safety awareness and limit injuries, for purposes of this article I will leave you with just one: Start by dedicating one day to making a conscious effort to look at what you're doing all the time. I mean really look. I think you'll be surprised how often you don't watch where you walk, keep your hands, etc., and how much opportunity you have for improvement.

Conclusion

Learning new techniques isn't easy, especially for people who never think they're going to get hurt (which includes just about everybody). But if you can get them to work at it, I think you'll find that their safety performance will improve dramatically.

EDITOR'S NOTE: If you would like to see Gary speak - and if you haven't seen a Gary Higbee presentation at least once, you're missing out - you're in luck. Gary will be presenting at the SafeStart Workshop in Chicago on November 28 and 29, 2007. For more information, see www.safestart-safetrack.com or call 1-800-792-6933. Contact: Kelley Norris

HALLOWEEN SAFETY SPECIAL
Grading the Monsters

By Glenn Demby

Jason from Friday the 13th: Monster in PPE

FRANKENSTEIN

Dr. Frankenstein's lab is a safety nightmare. Sources of electricity aren't properly grounded. There are open test tubes lying around containing lord-knows-what chemicals. People walk around with open torches. Appalling.
Grade: F

DRACULA

Another safety disaster. That coffin he spends half his life in is a confined space. But does he conduct sampling of the air or use proper gauges? No. Not only that. He's all alone. So if he needs help, who's going to hear his cries and rescue him? Then, when he does come out at night, he walks around the streets in dark clothing without a flashlight or reflective vest. His fangs are also sharps and a likely source of infection.
Grade: F

WOLFMAN

He also has fangs issues. Moreover, his long hair can get entangled in the moving parts of machinery. But he does at least have a warning device to warn of his approach: His howl.
Grade: D

JASON (From Friday the 13th)

The bad news: He handles chainsaws, machetes and other dangerous tools like they're toys, and doesn't wear protective gloves. The good news: He does employ proper face protection.
Grade: C

WITCHES

Safety-wise, witches are a particularly slipshod breed of monster. They stand over boiling cauldrons of vaporous materials without protective eyewear or aprons. They also zoom around on broomsticks without seatbelts. And, I don't know about you, but if water made me melt, I think I'd make it a point to wear waterproof clothing.
Grade: F

HUNCHBACK OF NOTRE DAME

Hey, Quasimodo. Two words: "Hearing protection." BING BONG, BING BONG, BING BONG. . .
Grade: C-

THE GRIM REAPER

I have problems with anybody who walks around holding sharp objects. I'm begging you, Grim, you're killin' me - put a safety cover on that scythe. And if you insist on wearing that loose fitting cloak, stay away from moving machine parts.
Grade: D+

DR. JEKYLL & MR. HYDE

This guy(s) is the poster child for what happens when we don't practice chemical safety. If he had obtained and read the MSDS, he'd never have drank that frightful stuff.
Grade: F

FREDDIE KRUGER

Here's a guy who could really use a manicure and about 10 cases of Clearicil. And that stupid hat he wears offers no protection against flying objects.
Grade: D

* * * * *

Have a happy and safe Halloween, everybody.

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